GPCR pharmacology and signal mechanisms can be explained by functional fluorescent reporter assays, NMR experiments, and single molecule methods. Ongoing studies in the lab address questions such as the following: How do metals, lipids, and other adjuvants modulate signaling in the cell? Where does the energy come from to allow for receptor activation? How does a drug bias a given signal pathway? How is activation communicated across a protein-protein interface to a G protein?